These fungi overwinter and produce mycelium in fruit mummies and infected wood. fructicola causes brown rot in other parts of the world and is included in the A2 list of quarantine organisms for Europe (organisms present in the EPPO region, but contained, under official control) because its broad dissemination in Europe would be devastating especially for peach and nectarine. Anamorphs dominate as inoculum sources especially in the Mediterranean areas of Europe, where brown rot in peaches is caused by M. One of the most important postharvest disease of peaches is brown rot caused by different species of the fungus Monilinia. However, the volatility of commodity markets and changing consumer preferences remain challenges. We demonstrated that the metric of ecoefficiency can enhance product differentiation for customers and can also assist orchardists to find the most sustainable management system. Taking into account the profitability of the orchards, the eco-efficiency of organic orchards was significantly higher than that of integrated orchards. As expected, the integrated management system had higher greenhouse gas emissions in the orchard phase than the organic management system, but this difference was not significant. Opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions arise in the background system of fertilizer production, packaging, storage and transport, and the optimization of nutrient-use efficiency in the orchard. Our analysis revealed fertilizer use and the N-associated emissions as hot spots for greenhouse gas emissions from kiwifruit orchards. The choice of functional unit, namely land area and 1 kg of produce, did not affect the overall result. The carbon footprints for the two kiwifruit cultivars and management systems were comparable. In our subsequent sustainability analysis, we defined eco-efficiency on an area basis as NZD net profit per kg greenhouse gas emissions (1 NZD = 0.83 USD, ). We restricted the assessment of the orchards' environmental performance to greenhouse gas emissions and calculated the carbon footprint of the orchard phase. Actinidia chinensis 'Hort16A' (gold)) and orchard management systems (integrated v. We conducted a survey of 40 kiwifruit orchards with different cultivars (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' (green) v.

Our objective was to identify a sustainable kiwifruit production system in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, by considering the environmental and economic performance of different production systems. A sustainable orchard also has to be profitable and socially responsible in the longer term. Assessing the sustainability of orchards generally focuses on quantifying environmental impacts and resource consumption.

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